Quarterly Scientific-Research Goljaam

Ammonia is a weak base that can be used as an swelling agent on wool fibres before dyeing. In this study the pretreatment of wool with ammonia in different percent solutions (5, 10, 15, 20) is carried out, and its effect on dye-ability of wool by natural dyes such as madder, walnut shell, pomegranate peel, vine leaf, white and red onion skin, is analyzed. Also the effects of temperature, length of time, and concentration of ammonia on dye-ability of wool fibres were considered. Colorimetric data, and measurements of light and washing fastness were carried out, and the results of color change under ammonia treatment are reported.

The influence of urea as an additive in dyeing of wool with madder was evaluated in this work. A different concentration of urea was applied on wool yarns before, during and after dyeing of samples. The treated samples were tested for dye absorption at different time, wicking, sinking, wash and light fastness and surface morphology by scanning electronic microscope. The results show that urea is an effective additive in dyeing of wool by madder by increasing the dye absorption. Adding of urea ranging 50% to 250% on weight of fibers leads to swell the wool fibers however, increasing the urea percent to 300% may damage the fiber surfaces and reduces the fiber strength.

Special properties of Iranian wool such as elasticity compared with Merino wool leads to more popularity of Persian carpet at an international level. By using of finishing process it is possible to improve some of the physical properties of wool fibers such as fleece modification, increasing of lightness and whiteness and producing a smoother surface that result a better quality carpet. In this research influence of proteases on Iranian wool was investigated and variation in concentration and time was optimized. The results indicated that increasing of enzyme leads to increasing of loss of weight, strength and strain. With prolonged enzymatic processing it may obtain better whiteness, lightness, and bending. Changes in whiteness, bending and fineness and other properties such as weight loss, strength reduction and strain would be discussed.

One of the pre-treatment processes on silk is degumming that has much influences on other processing. There are various degumming methods and each one has its own advantages and disadvantages. In this research protease (Alkalase) and Keliab (remaining ashes of "Oshnow" plant obtained from Qom, Yazd and Kashan) used as environmentally friendly compounds for degumming of silk. Different concentration of enzyme with soda ash and surfactant and also Keliab were examined. Some properties of degummed samples such as weigh loss, strength, lightness and whiteness were tested and surface morphology also was observed by SEM. The degummed yarns then dyed with madder, using two types of mordant namely stannous chloride (SnCl2) and aluminium-potassium sulphate AlK(SO4)2. The color coordinates L*a*b* and washing fastness and light fastness of samples were evaluated. The results showed that weigh loss percentages, strength and whiteness of samples varied due to degumming with Alkalase and Keliab. However, washing fastness and light fastness of madder dyed samples were acceptable.

UV irradiation was known as an important factor for skin cancer and also textile fibers and dyes degradation. UV rays have high energy photons degrading dyes and fibers causing fading and rotting of textiles when they are exposed to sunlight. The sun blocking properties of a textile are enhanced when a dye, pigment, delustrant, or UV absorber is present which absorbs UV radiation and releases heat. They block the transmission of UV and inhibit the dye and fiber exposure. In this study, natural dye of madder with different mordants and two organic acids including: tannic acid and citric acid were selected for dyeing wool. Impacts of tanninc acid and madder on UV transmission were investigated. Also the effects of madder on protecting fabrics against UV were determined by measuring their tensile strength. The results indicate that tannic acid has positive influences on blocking UV and even increasing the tensile strength. The results also reveal that silver nitrate and copper sulphate are the best UV blocking among others. Finally, the wool fabric sample treated with silver nitrate and dyed with madder along with tannic acid exhibits the highest protection against UV.

tensile strength. Moreover, making wool fabrics antibacterial is a considerable task for protection of fabrics and consumers against microbial attack and growth. In this research nano-silver was synthesized using reduction of silver nitrate by sodium bisulfite along with increasing the fiber fineness using tensile. This process was successfully introduced Iranian coarse wool yarns with loading of nano-silver through in situ synthesis and consequently, suitable antibacterial properties along with some other improved properties such as yarn tenacity and improvement of yarn count were obtained. Subsequently, SEM and EDX analyses confirmed the nano-silver synthesis on the wool yarns and indicated the importance of test conditions on antibacterial properties of the fibers.

 Today, the use of enzymes and antibacterial protein fibers is greatly favored by researchers to protect textile against microbial attacks, spots, discoloration and to increase shelf life of silk carpets in museums. This study investigates the effect of protease and nanosilver on silk yarn. Silk yarn with 140 Tex as a carpet pile treated with protease and nanosilver in different conditions and their antimicrobial properties against two bacteria, i.e. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was studied and compared. Also, some characteristics of products including weight loss, whiteness index and color indices, have been investigated in SEM images. Using nanosilver alone showed excellent antimicrobial properties against microbes with different concentrations while reduced the whiteness of silk yarn. However, using 2% protease led to enhanced antibacterial properties, and whiteness. On these bases, concurrent use of protease and 30 ppm of nanosilver produced silk yarn with excellent antibacterial properties i.e. 100% bacterial reduction.