Quarterly Scientific-Research Goljaam

Nowadays new industrial developments and its effects on fashion and consumers' taste have changed the aesthetical paradigms. Therefore it is so important to look contemporary art works in aesthetic perspective as well as commercial one. Hand-woven carpets cannot be suitable and fruitful if ignore either aesthetic condition or commercial requisites. Hand-woven carpets are our national heritage so it is necessary to study this field for developing the place of hand-woven carpets. Market of hand-woven carpet is as important as artistic viewpoint and because of that, this article studies the place of new designs of carpets and its influence. Market system and addressee’s attitude toward new design are the most important issues. Data gathering process that is based on reaching the information from real samples and completing the questionnaires concludes that instigating the need in addressees by new design and also effective advertisements cause that we face with demand, consequently the market gives new order of design to the artistic to enter the market new design. So creative new designs in carpet will attract the interest of consumers and developing the use of hand-woven carpets may play a crucial role in expanding the use of these kinds of national heritage in near future.

The present study is an applied research using quantitative method. In the first step, the intended factors of marketing mix, production-export consortium and branding of Turkman carpet were studied in existing literature, and then, the quantitative method of questionnaire was used for collecting needed data and extracting basic factors. The questionnaire was prepared by the researcher. After gathering the questionnaires, the collected data were put in the SPSS software and were analyzed through various methods of inferential statistics. For measuring the significance of each component of the questionnaire, the five-point Likert scale, which has ordinal scales, was used to measure the factors and convert them to quantitative data, with giving each factor a number from 1 to 5. The data of the research was collected in a period from October of 2010 to September 2011, and the research was conducted in Golestan province. The population was constituted of five groups: 1. experts, who became expert in managing, scientific and research affairs related to carpet through working in this field; 2. exporters, who sell hand-woven carpets wholesale; 3. importers, who import Iranian hand-woven carpets from Iran into the target countries; 4. retailers, who sell the carpet to the consumers; and 5. weavers, consisting of all real or legal people who produce carpets in workshops or at homes, in cities or villages. For selecting the sample subjects from the first four groups, simple random sampling method was used; and the sample subjects of the fifth groups were selected through the Morgan table and simple random sampling. Therefore, 406 subjects were selected as samples with a balanced and appropriate proportion. By following up the project and informing about the research's goals, all questionnaires were filled out and delivered to the researcher. The Chronbach's coefficient alpha was 93%, and for prioritizing the variables, the Friedman test, and for supporting or rejecting the hypotheses, the binomial test was used. The conclusions show that all hypotheses were significant in export of Turkman hand-woven carpets. Among the hypotheses, the great potential of the province in producing hand-woven carpets was a strong point, and lack of attention to marketing mix, absence of a production- export consortium, and lack of attention to branding were of weak points, which need the especial attention of the provincial and export companies' managers and planners. At the end, besides presenting detailed conclusions and findings, the mentioned issues were summarized, and applicable suggestions were offered to the managers and experts, and also future similar researches.

Globalization as a part of modern economy has been of huge controversies in different countries including Iran. Since Iran is attempting to increase its non-oil exports and its presence in global markets. Enduring in this competitive worldly market necessitates evaluation of tastes and creation of new markets for the products. Accordingly Iranian hand-woven carpets are among the top exports of the country is looking for a proper position in global trade. Traditional production and concentration on out-dated designs beside blind-weaving and neglecting the customers taste in target markets are the main reasons of the recession in its trade that are in an urgent need of reconsideration. Although carpet is of a great artistic value, its commercial value ought to be kept in mind as well. Studies show that there is a huge gap between carpet production in Iran and its marketing and evaluation of potential customers' taste around the world. It seems as if lack of interest in utilizing modern information technology tools among Iranian carpet traders abroad has caused them not receive enough information about customers' taste and as a result fail in relating the tastes and domestic production. This survey type descriptive study attempts to collect data through field, libraries and internet.

tensile strength. Moreover, making wool fabrics antibacterial is a considerable task for protection of fabrics and consumers against microbial attack and growth. In this research nano-silver was synthesized using reduction of silver nitrate by sodium bisulfite along with increasing the fiber fineness using tensile. This process was successfully introduced Iranian coarse wool yarns with loading of nano-silver through in situ synthesis and consequently, suitable antibacterial properties along with some other improved properties such as yarn tenacity and improvement of yarn count were obtained. Subsequently, SEM and EDX analyses confirmed the nano-silver synthesis on the wool yarns and indicated the importance of test conditions on antibacterial properties of the fibers.

 Among various Persian carpet designs, medallion and medallion with spandrels designs have special status due to their both aesthetic and frequency of use in carpets. It seems that the medallion in Persian carpet has not achieved this significance only for its aesthetic aspects. In this paper, the significance of this pattern is investigated from symbolic point of view using library-based survey and content analysis. Medallion in the carpet has reached such maturity and aesthetic climax from both conceptual and appearance aspects that this can hardly be seen in other arts. Medallion pattern has developed from mythical beliefs and it symbolizes garden and pool; but its evolution to today's state is in fact the manifestation of the beliefs, thoughts and dreams of the Iranian Muslim artists that are manifested in a heavenly garden and spiritual space. On the other hand, visualizing heavenly concepts in the medallion departs from mortal and earthly state, and seeks introducing a holy space by using abstract patterns. In this way, an eternal world, which cannot be depicted in any mortal form, is portrayed by applying a symbolic rendition. For realizing all of its connotations, the designer and/or weaver chooses the center of the carpet to stimulate this prominent concept.

 The ancient motif of vase, whether individually or in combination with other motifs, is one of the most basic patterning motifs in visual culture of Iran and is among the manifestations of eternal verdancy. Multiplicity of its types, its various forms, flexibility of its structure and its combination with other motifs have caused that the vase motif become a basic and guiding elements for other motifs. Nomadic and rural hand-woven textiles manifest the power and value of vase motif fully and obviously and the motif has become a model for urban artifacts and styles. Abundance, variety and especially innovative presence of vase motifs observed in the rural brick-shaped rugs of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari raise many questions, for example: How is the variety of vase motif on brick-shaped rugs? What are their main components (form and structure)? What are the causes of changes of this motif? This research has been conducted using descriptive-analytic method and data collection has been performed using library-based and field studies. Keywords: Vase motif, Rural brick-shaped rugs, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Form, Figure, Structure.

The Persian carpet has invariably been a means for expression of the beliefs and traditions of various people of this country. Among various plant and animal motifs, the carpets with the motif of the "Talking Tree" which are also known as “vaq vaq”, have replaced the allegorical and symbolic representation of the decorative designs of carpets with anecdotal motifs due to their pictorial characteristics. The present research aims at achieving the visual qualities and concepts of this tree by means of a comparative study among the present works in three civilizations, i.e. Persia, India, and Middle Asia. This research was conducted on the concepts and within the field of pictorial tradition, relying on the remaining records in the culture, literature, and pictorial tradition of the carpets of Persia, India, and Middle Asia. The result obtained indicates that vaq vaq has its roots in the ancient Indo-Iranian culture. It has however adopted different meanings through the separation of the branches of this civilization. From a conceptual perspective, this tree is an image of the tree of knowledge and a picture of Kelileh va Demneh, as wisdom uttered by animals. However, as it enters eastern regions, this conceptual aspect is retained and in northwestern regions of Iran, a part of fertilization rituals and the haven of the residence of spirits create its present shape, due to a connection with the roots of shamanism remained from the Middle Asia. This decorative motif is gradually manifested in various manners since sixth AH/ twelfth AD century, as the Middle Asian tribes enter the homeland of Iran. This research was conducted using descriptive/analytical approach.

needs of traditional producers. The cooperatives have been formed in Iran three decades ago. Continuation of the economic and social activities of these cooperatives depends on analyzing the ongoing problems. In this study, rural hand-made carpet cooperatives of Hamadan have been investigated. The main objectives of the study include analysis of weaknesses, threats, strengths and opportunities of the cooperatives and analysis of the strategies for strengthening these cooperatives with respect to the results of the pathology. The statistical population of the study includes all members of carpet cooperatives of Hamadan (923 persons) who were selected according to Cochran’s formula and 90 carpet weavers were randomly selected as statistical sample. The most important instrument for data collection was questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient (α=0.79). The analysis of SWOT was also used in this study. The results revealed that satisfaction of the design and new drawings for carpet that cooperative provide is their main strength, limitedness of the facilities of cooperative is their main weaknesses. Suitable position of Iranian carpet in the world is their important opportunity and carpet market volatility is the main threat of the cooperatives. At the end of the paper, four strategies have been offered.

Since the industry of hand-knitted carpet (tableau carpet) is a competitive one, so the financial data system especially the cost accounting system is required to preserve its status in the market and to plan for future production .The objective of this research is to provide an appropriate model for determining the cost of carpet (hand-knitted carpet) to be employed in cost accounting system. This will provide the necessary information for the higher managements of the carpet manufacturers. The data for this paper has been gathered using library-based and field studies methods via learning the stages of carpet manufacturing, theoretical accounting fundamentals, and cost analysis model research. The Delphi testing method is utilized and results are represented to the experts for review. A related questionnaire is also provided along with the results to collect the experts' opinions. This process will continue until a common and stable result can be reached.

“Josheghan-e-Ghali” is located in Isfahan Province near Kashan County, and it has some economic communication with this two cities. Carpet weaving has been common in this area since Safavid era and the products have been exported. In spite of a rich artistic history, this region has been rarely studied. This paper is the first survey about history of carpet weaving in “Josheghan” and the theories about it. The information of carpet weaving in this area will be forgotten, so library research and field method have been used for collecting related data. In Safavid era various carpet designs were weaved in this region but in Qajar era and after that, designs had reduced and some special features had been appeared in the products. It seems that the theory of “Pope” regarding the derivation of contemporary “Josheghan” design from Safavid vase carpet is reasonable. By the way no decisive theory can be expressed in this regard. 

 Investigation and research on contemporary carpets is a vital and original perceptions of "identity" problem and relevant expressions with time and environment is certainly not a easy task. As we deal with some general concepts such as identity, the research literature is often directed to complex and philosophical issues. In the study of cultural encounters and interactions in Ardabil carpets it can be seen that an unbalanced process in social-artistic relations with some style-owned and dynamic cities in the last half century has caused that its simplicity and originality be affected and apparent contradictions can be observed. This paper is a comparative study of 36 samples of carpets from "Aran, Azerbaijan" and "Ardabil" to explore the concept of identity in both traditional and contemporary works, and find the reason for lack of identity via leaving common native identity for reproduced exotic identities.

 Garden and Persian carpets of among the oldest phenomena in the course of history. There are some points which indicate that garden and carpet have been closely connected. Chaharbagh structures were important works of ancient pre-Islamic Iran, at Achaemenid and Sassanid periods and Ilkhanid era, especially in the Timurid and Safavid era. Like Chaharbagh style, Chaharbagh or Golestan motifs also are notable and impressive in carpets of some periods of Iranian history. Though there no many Chaharbagh carpets left from the late Safavid era, but the few existing examples shows the spread this carpet style that is a reflection of the Chaharbagh. Examples of the carpets with Chaharbagh design can be found in west of Iran and particularly in Kurdistan, and a number of them now adorn museums and private collections outside the borders of Iran. By examining these carpets and Chaharbagh structures in the area we will understand that this relationship is longstanding. The works reflect the continuity of design and motif of Chaharbagh carpets and Chaharbagh structures which are more stable than other parts of the west of Iran until the end of the Qajar era. Evidences for this idea is the carpets which belongs to the northwestern Iran especially in cities Bijar and Sanandaj in Kurdistan Province. The samples of such Chaharbagh structures were fully operative until five decades ago. Therefore, it is assumed that that the commissioners and patrons of Chaharbagh structures and Golestan carpets have been the same social group, and it is believed that they are among the local rulers. In this paper, the background of Chaharbagh structures, Chaharbagh carpets in Kurdistan province and the relation between Chaharbagh structures and Chaharbagh carpets has been studied.

 Every year, during rose water extraction a huge amount of damask rose residue is produced. The transportation and disposal of these waste materials create some problems including an increase in the price of the produced rose water. In this study the use of damask rose residues in dyeing wool is assessed and a method for its use as a colorant in natural dyeing is offered. Dyeing was carried out by using the material along with some mordants such as alum, copper sulphate, iron sulphate, chlorine and tin and also without mordant by adopting pre-mordanting technique. Various amounts of mordants and colorants were used. Comparing the obtained color hue with those from other traditional colorants, it was observed that the color hue obtained from damask rose residues was greatly similar to the color hue gained from pomegranate peel. These two color hues were analyzed and compared using the carpet weavers’ views as well as measuring wash and light fastness properties using experimental methods. The results indicate that damask residues can be used as a new natural colorant particularly in carpet production. This can provide a new colorant with minimum expenses, reduce the price of rose water extraction, and prevent environmental pollution.

 Today, the use of enzymes and antibacterial protein fibers is greatly favored by researchers to protect textile against microbial attacks, spots, discoloration and to increase shelf life of silk carpets in museums. This study investigates the effect of protease and nanosilver on silk yarn. Silk yarn with 140 Tex as a carpet pile treated with protease and nanosilver in different conditions and their antimicrobial properties against two bacteria, i.e. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was studied and compared. Also, some characteristics of products including weight loss, whiteness index and color indices, have been investigated in SEM images. Using nanosilver alone showed excellent antimicrobial properties against microbes with different concentrations while reduced the whiteness of silk yarn. However, using 2% protease led to enhanced antibacterial properties, and whiteness. On these bases, concurrent use of protease and 30 ppm of nanosilver produced silk yarn with excellent antibacterial properties i.e. 100% bacterial reduction.

The purpose of this paper is to survey the impact of competitive intelligence on Iran’s carpet industry competitiveness. To measure competitive intelligence, we applied three dimensions including: social-strategic intelligence, technologic intelligence and market intelligence; and for measuring competitiveness, internal resources, situation in markets and creativity and innovation indices were utilized. First of by applying Pearson correlation and regression tests, positive and meaningful influence of competitive intelligence and its dimensions on competitiveness were demonstrated. Subsequently, the results of using Average test showed that all variables apart from social-strategic intelligence were at favorable levels. Finally by utilizing fuzzy TOPSIS technique, competitive intelligence indices were ranked and “ensuring of continues relationship with customers”, “feedback to customers” and “strategic planning” were selected as the most important ones.

 In order to study the “feasibility assessment of brokerage establishment for quality control of handmade carpets with an emphasis on domestic workrooms”, indicators and quality control criteria of these carpet have been compiled. These indicators have been prioritized according to the views of producers, exporters, professionals and experts of handmade carpets, and then, the pilot quality control of these carpets has been executed for handmade carpets of Kashan. Finally technical, social and economic feasibility of the brokerage establishment on the quality control have been examined based on the result of the pilot implementation and empirical experiments. It is noted that without the help and support of the government and due to lack of incentive of weavers to pay a fee to use the brokerage services, this is not economically feasible. 

Handmade carpet is considered to be one of most important exporting commodities which enjoys a special place in international markets. However, it has not found such importance in domestic markets and, as a result, today handmade carpets are found much less than machine-made ones in Iranian homes. It comes to mind that such weak usage of handmade carpet can be mainly attributed to its high cost. In this survey research, different affluent and middle class districts of four cities, i.e. Tabriz, Ghom, Tehran and Isfahan, have been studied via four steps. The findings show that high cost of handmade carpets is not the only major factor of low usage of these carpet by the affluent classes of the society, but there are other factors which refer to the unawareness of these classes regarding the special properties of handmade carpets compared with the machine-made ones

 The hand-woven items of Iranian clans and tribes include various motifs that have been formed according to their life-style, customs, myths and rituals and is the expression of values and beliefs of their culture. So these motifs have various symbolic meanings that they have used for expressing their needs and relationships. The present research aims at introducing one of most important hand-woven items of Turkmen tribe, namely "Namazligh" that is an applied and identity-making item used for prayer, to analyze the status of symbol in one of the main motifs of Namazligh, i.e. Kabe Naghesh which is the repetition of tree-pillar and bird motif on the top of minarets. Understanding the origin of these symbolical elements and finding their concepts and meaning in different cultures and also in shamanism, which has been what Turkmens believed in before embracing Islam, can help to understand these symbolic elements in Turkmens' Namazligh.

 The extensive developments of Iranian arts in Qajar era eventually led to pictorial representation in almost all forms of art. Carpet weaving was no exception too and during this era the so-called pictorial carpets emerged. Although the images of these carpets mostly appeared in the central field, the borders of the carpets also underwent drastic developments. The findings of this essay indicate that despite weakening of the borders, they have never been removed and were always as an indispensible part of such carpets. In some of the carpets, one can see that the proportions of borders are not right but their provenance is identifiable. The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical one. The statistical population consists of 79 pictorial carpets of Qajar era and the data have been collected using both desk and field studies.

 Peacock is one of the most prominent animal motifs which can be seen as abstract or geometric shapes in kilims woven by nomadic tribes, especially Shahsavan and Qashqai. The diversity of this motif in hand-woven kilims of these two tribes led the author to introduce, classify and then analyze it from different viewpoints such as color and shape. This paper tries to answer the question: What are the most important similarities and dissimilarities of peacock motifs woven by Qashqai and Shahsavan tribes? And which tribe shows more ethnic diversity? The hypothesis suggests that peacocks woven by Qashqai tribe enjoy more variety of form and color than those by Shahsavan tribe. The research method is field study (especially by finding of peacock motif) and library-based one, and this is of analytical-descriptive research. Two-heads peacocks of Shahsavan tribe which have been transferred to the kilims of Qashqai tribe and the Khamse Arab tribes such as Arab Jenni tribe via migration and other communications are seen as the most important findings of this study.